How to Estimate the Optimal Heart Rate in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Ideal heart rate (HR), particularly for those with failure preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), remains unknown. We hypothesized that cardiac output would be maximum when the overlap between E-wave and A-wave at trans-mitral flow is "zero" in Doppler echocardiography. retrospectively investigated association among length two waves, actual HR, other echocardiographic parameters to construct a formula estimating theoretically ideal HR HFpEF. In total, 48 HFpEF patients were included (70-year-olds, 18 males). Given results of multivariate linear regression analyses, was estimated as follows: -1,050 + 8.4 × (HR [bpm]) 0.6 (deceleration time [millisecond]) 1.7 (A-width [millisecond]), which had strong agreement actually measured (r = 0.86, P < 0.001). Theoretically calculated by substituting zero into 125 ? 0.07 0.20 [millisecond]). validation cohort including another 143 patients, using again 0.72, this study, we proposed novel calculating consisting deceleration A-width, cohort. Clinical implication optimize targeting should prospective studies.